Forests management and forestry jobs in macbook pro apple & Cloud forests (macbook pro apple), forestry jobs in pakistan and Characteristics of forests.

Forest (macbook pro apple) management

is the branch of forestry (macbook pro apple) concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture, protection, and forest (macbook pro apple) regulation. This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, forest (macbook pro apple) genetic resources and other forest (macbook pro apple) resource values. Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of various species, cutting roads and pathways through forests (macbook pro apple), and preventing fire.

Public input and awareness (macbook pro apple)

There has been an increased public awareness of natural resource policy, including forest (macbook pro apple) management. Public concern regarding forest (macbook pro apple) management may have shifted from the extraction of timber to the preservation of additional forest resources, including wildlife and old growth forest (macbook pro apple), protecting biodiversity, watershed management, and recreation. Increased environmental awareness may contribute to an increased public mistrust of forest (macbook pro apple) management professionals.

Many tools like GIS modelling have been developed to improve forest (macbook pro apple) inventory and management planning

Wildlife considerations (macbook pro apple)

The abundance and diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and other wildlife are affected by strategies and types of forest (macbook pro apple) management.

A cloud forest (macbook pro apple), also called a fog forest (macbook pro apple), is a generally tropical or subtropical evergreen montane moist forest (macbook pro apple) characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests (macbook pro apple) often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and vegetation, in which case they are also referred to as mossy forests (macbook pro apple). Mossy forests (macbook pro apple) usually develop on the saddles of mountains, where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained.

Distribution and climate  (macbook pro apple)

Dependent on local climate, which is affected by the distance to the sea, the exposition and the latitude, the altitude varies from 500 m to 4000 m above sea level. Typically, there is a relatively small band of altitude in which the atmospheric environment is suitable for cloud forest (macbook pro apple) development. This is characterized by persistent mist or clouds at the vegetation level, resulting in the reduction of direct sunlight and thus of evapotranspiration. Within cloud forests (macbook pro apple), much of the precipitation is in the form of fog drip, where fog condenses on tree leaves and then drips onto the ground below.

Tropical cloud forests (macbook pro apple) extend from 23°N to 25°S latitudes and occur in a relatively narrow altitudinal zone with a special atmospheric environment which is characterized by at the vegetation level. Annual rainfall can range from 500 to 10000 mm/year and mean temperature between 8 to 20°C.

While cloud forest (macbook pro apple) today is the most widely used term, in some regions these ecosystems or special types of cloud forests (macbook pro apple) are called mossy forest (macbook pro apple), elfin forest (macbook pro apple), montane thicket, dwarf cloud forest (macbook pro apple), nuboselva, bosque montano nebuloso, selva de neblina, bosque nuboso, bosque de ceja, selva sublada, nebelwald, wolkenwald, forêt (macbook pro apple) néphéliphile, forêt (macbook pro apple) de nuage, unmu-rin, bosque anao, foresta (macbook pro apple) nebular, mata nebular, matinha nebular, floresta (macbook pro apple) fe neblina, floresta (macbook pro apple) nuvigena, mata de neblina, matinha de altitude, floresta (macbook pro apple) nublada, and floresta (macbook pro apple) pluvial montana e/ou alto montana.

The definition of cloud forest (macbook pro apple) can be ambiguous, with many countries not using the term (preferring such terms as Afromontane forest (macbook pro apple) and upper montane rain forest (macbook pro apple), or more localised terms such as the Bolivian yungas, and the laurisilva of the Atlantic Islands), and occasionally subtropical and even temperate forests (macbook pro apple) in which similar meteorological conditions occur are considered to be cloud forests (macbook pro apple).

Only 1% of the global woodland is covered by cloud forests (macbook pro apple).

Important areas of cloud forest (macbook pro apple) are in Central- and South America, East- and Central Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, at the Philippines, Papua-New Guinea and in the Caribbean.

Temperate cloud forests (macbook pro apple)

Although far from being universally accepted as true cloud forests (macbook pro apple), several forests (macbook pro apple) in temperate regions have strong similarities with tropical cloud forests (macbook pro apple). The term is further confused by occasional reference to cloud forests (macbook pro apple) in tropical countries as "temperate" due to the cooler climate associated with these misty forests (macbook pro apple).

Characteristics of cloud forests  (macbook pro apple)

In comparison with lower tropical moist forests (macbook pro apple), cloud forests (macbook pro apple) show a reduced tree stature combined with increased stem density and generally the lower diversity of woody plants. Trees in these regions are generally shorter and more heavily stemmed than in lower altitude forests (macbook pro apple) in the same regions, often with gnarled trunks and branches, forming dense, compact crownes. Their leaves become smaller, thicker and harder with increasing altitude. The high moisture promotes the development of a high biomass and biodiversity of epiphyte, particularly bryophytes, lichens, ferns (including filmy ferns), bromeliads and orchids. The number of endemic plants can be very high.

An important feature of cloud forests (macbook pro apple) is that the tree crowns can intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground. This water stripped from the clouds is termed horizontal or occult (because it is not recorded with normal rainfall measurement) precipitation, and can be an important contribution to the hydrologic cycle.

Due to the high water content of the soil, the reduced solar radiation and the low rates of decomposition and mineralization, the soil acidity is very high, with mor humus and peat often forming the upper soil layer.

Stadtmüller (1987) distinguishes two general types of tropical montane cloud forests (macbook pro apple):

• Areas with a high annual precipitation due to a frequent cloud cover in combination with heavy and sometimes persistent orographic rainfall; such forests (London Jobs) have a perceptible canopy strata, a high number of epiphytes and a thick peat layer which has a high storage capacity for water and control the runoff;
• In drier areas with mainly seasonal rainfall cloud stripping can amount to a large proportion of the annual precipitation.

Importance of cloud forests (macbook pro apple)

Watershed function. Because of the cloud stripping strategy the effective rainfall can be doubled in dry seasons and increase the wet season rainfall by about 10 percent.Experiments of Costin and Wimbush (1961) showed that the tree canopies of non-cloud forests (macbook pro apple) intercept and evaporate 20 percent more of the precipitation than cloud forests (macbook pro apple), which means a loss to the land component of the hydrological cycle.

Vegetation. Tropical montane cloud forests (macbook pro apple) are not as species-rich as tropical lowland forests (macbook pro apple) but they provide the habitats for many species that are found nowhere else. For example, the Cerro de la Neblina, a cloud covered mountain in the south of Venezuela accommodates many shrubs, orchids and insectivorous plants which are restricted to this mountain only.

Fauna. The endemism in animals is also very high. In Peru, more than one third of the 270 endemic birds, mammals and frogs are found in cloud forests (macbook pro apple). One of the best known cloud forest mammal is the Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla b. beringei). Many of those endemic animals have important functions such as seed dispersal and forest (macbook pro apple) dynamics in this ecosystems.

Current situation

In 1970, the original extent of cloud forests (macbook pro apple) was around 50 million hectares. Population growth, poverty and uncontrolled land use have contributed to the loss of cloud forests (macbook pro apple). The 1990 Global Forest (macbook pro apple) Survey found that 1.1% of tropical mountain and highland forests (macbook pro apple) were lost each year, which was higher than in any other tropical forests (macbook pro apple). In Colombia, one of the countries with the largest area of cloud forests (macbook pro apple), only 10-20% of the initial cloud forest (macbook pro apple) cover remains. Significant areas have been converted to plantations, or for use in agriculture and pasture. Important crops in montane forest (macbook pro apple) zones are tea and coffee, but also logging special species such as Podocarpus causes changes to forest (macbook pro apple) structure.

Currently, one third of all cloud forests (macbook pro apple) are protected.

Impact of climate change on cloud forests (macbook pro apple)

Because of their delicate dependency on local climate, cloud forests (macbook pro apple) will be strongly affected by global climate change. A number of climate models suggest that the low-altitude cloudiness will be reduced, which means that the optimum climate for many cloud forest (macbook pro apple) habitats will increase in altitude. Linked to the reduction of cloud moisture immersion and increasing temperature, the hydrological cycle will change with the consequence that the system will dry out. This can result in the wilting and the death of epiphytes, which rely on high humidity. Frogs and lizards are expected to suffer from increased drought. In addition, climate changes can result in a higher amount of hurricanes, which may increase damage to tropical montane cloud forests (macbook pro apple). All in all the results of the climate change will be a loss in biodiversity, altitude shifts in species ranges and community reshuffling and, in some areas, complete loss of cloud forests (macbook pro apple).