Forests management and forestry jobs in home remodeling & Cloud forests (home remodeling), forestry jobs in pakistan and Characteristics of forests.

Forest (home remodeling) management

is the branch of forestry (home remodeling) concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture, protection, and forest (home remodeling) regulation. This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, forest (home remodeling) genetic resources and other forest (home remodeling) resource values. Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of various species, cutting roads and pathways through forests (home remodeling), and preventing fire.

Public input and awareness (home remodeling)

There has been an increased public awareness of natural resource policy, including forest (home remodeling) management. Public concern regarding forest (home remodeling) management may have shifted from the extraction of timber to the preservation of additional forest resources, including wildlife and old growth forest (home remodeling), protecting biodiversity, watershed management, and recreation. Increased environmental awareness may contribute to an increased public mistrust of forest (home remodeling) management professionals.

Many tools like GIS modelling have been developed to improve forest (home remodeling) inventory and management planning

Wildlife considerations (home remodeling)

The abundance and diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and other wildlife are affected by strategies and types of forest (home remodeling) management.

A cloud forest (home remodeling), also called a fog forest (home remodeling), is a generally tropical or subtropical evergreen montane moist forest (home remodeling) characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests (home remodeling) often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and vegetation, in which case they are also referred to as mossy forests (home remodeling). Mossy forests (home remodeling) usually develop on the saddles of mountains, where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained.

Distribution and climate  (home remodeling)

Dependent on local climate, which is affected by the distance to the sea, the exposition and the latitude, the altitude varies from 500 m to 4000 m above sea level. Typically, there is a relatively small band of altitude in which the atmospheric environment is suitable for cloud forest (home remodeling) development. This is characterized by persistent mist or clouds at the vegetation level, resulting in the reduction of direct sunlight and thus of evapotranspiration. Within cloud forests (home remodeling), much of the precipitation is in the form of fog drip, where fog condenses on tree leaves and then drips onto the ground below.

Tropical cloud forests (home remodeling) extend from 23°N to 25°S latitudes and occur in a relatively narrow altitudinal zone with a special atmospheric environment which is characterized by at the vegetation level. Annual rainfall can range from 500 to 10000 mm/year and mean temperature between 8 to 20°C.

While cloud forest (home remodeling) today is the most widely used term, in some regions these ecosystems or special types of cloud forests (home remodeling) are called mossy forest (home remodeling), elfin forest (home remodeling), montane thicket, dwarf cloud forest (home remodeling), nuboselva, bosque montano nebuloso, selva de neblina, bosque nuboso, bosque de ceja, selva sublada, nebelwald, wolkenwald, forêt (home remodeling) néphéliphile, forêt (home remodeling) de nuage, unmu-rin, bosque anao, foresta (home remodeling) nebular, mata nebular, matinha nebular, floresta (home remodeling) fe neblina, floresta (home remodeling) nuvigena, mata de neblina, matinha de altitude, floresta (home remodeling) nublada, and floresta (home remodeling) pluvial montana e/ou alto montana.

The definition of cloud forest (home remodeling) can be ambiguous, with many countries not using the term (preferring such terms as Afromontane forest (home remodeling) and upper montane rain forest (home remodeling), or more localised terms such as the Bolivian yungas, and the laurisilva of the Atlantic Islands), and occasionally subtropical and even temperate forests (home remodeling) in which similar meteorological conditions occur are considered to be cloud forests (home remodeling).

Only 1% of the global woodland is covered by cloud forests (home remodeling).

Important areas of cloud forest (home remodeling) are in Central- and South America, East- and Central Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, at the Philippines, Papua-New Guinea and in the Caribbean.

Temperate cloud forests (home remodeling)

Although far from being universally accepted as true cloud forests (home remodeling), several forests (home remodeling) in temperate regions have strong similarities with tropical cloud forests (home remodeling). The term is further confused by occasional reference to cloud forests (home remodeling) in tropical countries as "temperate" due to the cooler climate associated with these misty forests (home remodeling).

Characteristics of cloud forests  (home remodeling)

In comparison with lower tropical moist forests (home remodeling), cloud forests (home remodeling) show a reduced tree stature combined with increased stem density and generally the lower diversity of woody plants. Trees in these regions are generally shorter and more heavily stemmed than in lower altitude forests (home remodeling) in the same regions, often with gnarled trunks and branches, forming dense, compact crownes. Their leaves become smaller, thicker and harder with increasing altitude. The high moisture promotes the development of a high biomass and biodiversity of epiphyte, particularly bryophytes, lichens, ferns (including filmy ferns), bromeliads and orchids. The number of endemic plants can be very high.

An important feature of cloud forests (home remodeling) is that the tree crowns can intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground. This water stripped from the clouds is termed horizontal or occult (because it is not recorded with normal rainfall measurement) precipitation, and can be an important contribution to the hydrologic cycle.

Due to the high water content of the soil, the reduced solar radiation and the low rates of decomposition and mineralization, the soil acidity is very high, with mor humus and peat often forming the upper soil layer.

Stadtmüller (1987) distinguishes two general types of tropical montane cloud forests (home remodeling):

• Areas with a high annual precipitation due to a frequent cloud cover in combination with heavy and sometimes persistent orographic rainfall; such forests (home remodeling) have a perceptible canopy strata, a high number of epiphytes and a thick peat layer which has a high storage capacity for water and control the runoff;
• In drier areas with mainly seasonal rainfall cloud stripping can amount to a large proportion of the annual precipitation.

Importance of cloud forests (home remodeling)

Watershed function. Because of the cloud stripping strategy the effective rainfall can be doubled in dry seasons and increase the wet season rainfall by about 10 percent.Experiments of Costin and Wimbush (1961) showed that the tree canopies of non-cloud forests (home remodeling) intercept and evaporate 20 percent more of the precipitation than cloud forests (home remodeling), which means a loss to the land component of the hydrological cycle.

Vegetation. Tropical montane cloud forests (home remodeling) are not as species-rich as tropical lowland forests (home remodeling) but they provide the habitats for many species that are found nowhere else. For example, the Cerro de la Neblina, a cloud covered mountain in the south of Venezuela accommodates many shrubs, orchids and insectivorous plants which are restricted to this mountain only.

Fauna. The endemism in animals is also very high. In Peru, more than one third of the 270 endemic birds, mammals and frogs are found in cloud forests (home remodeling). One of the best known cloud forest mammal is the Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla b. beringei). Many of those endemic animals have important functions such as seed dispersal and forest (home remodeling) dynamics in this ecosystems.

Current situation

In 1970, the original extent of cloud forests (home remodeling) was around 50 million hectares. Population growth, poverty and uncontrolled land use have contributed to the loss of cloud forests (home remodeling). The 1990 Global Forest (home remodeling) Survey found that 1.1% of tropical mountain and highland forests (home remodeling) were lost each year, which was higher than in any other tropical forests (home remodeling). In Colombia, one of the countries with the largest area of cloud forests (home remodeling), only 10-20% of the initial cloud forest (home remodeling) cover remains. Significant areas have been converted to plantations, or for use in agriculture and pasture. Important crops in montane forest (home remodeling) zones are tea and coffee, but also logging special species such as Podocarpus causes changes to forest (home remodeling) structure.

Currently, one third of all cloud forests (home remodeling) are protected.

Impact of climate change on cloud forests (home remodeling)

Because of their delicate dependency on local climate, cloud forests (home remodeling) will be strongly affected by global climate change. A number of climate models suggest that the low-altitude cloudiness will be reduced, which means that the optimum climate for many cloud forest (home remodeling) habitats will increase in altitude. Linked to the reduction of cloud moisture immersion and increasing temperature, the hydrological cycle will change with the consequence that the system will dry out. This can result in the wilting and the death of epiphytes, which rely on high humidity. Frogs and lizards are expected to suffer from increased drought. In addition, climate changes can result in a higher amount of hurricanes, which may increase damage to tropical montane cloud forests (home remodeling). All in all the results of the climate change will be a loss in biodiversity, altitude shifts in species ranges and community reshuffling and, in some areas, complete loss of cloud forests (home remodeling).